VANTs NA PRÁTICA: FUNDAMENTOS DE CONTROLE, AUTONOMIA APLICADOS ÀS ENGENHARIAS E À SEGURANÇA

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.823112628013

• Palavras-chave: Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados, Sistemas Embarcados, Inteligência Artificial, Sistemas Ciberfísicos.

• Keywords: Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles, Embedded Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Cyber-Physical Systems.

• Abstract: Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become established as strategic tools across diverse engineering and security domains, driven by advances in embedded systems, sensors, control algorithms, and autonomy techniques. This paper presents an applied approach to the fundamentals of control and autonomy in UAVs, with emphasis on their practical use in engineering applications and security operations. Initially, the fundamental principles of flight dynamics and control are discussed, encompassing classical and modern strategies such as PID control, closed-loop control, and introductory notions of adaptive control. Subsequently, the architecture of autonomous systems is addressed, highlighting the integration of inertial sensors, positioning systems, communication, and embedded processing, as well as the algorithms responsible for navigation, stabilization, and decision-making. The study emphasizes real-world applications in civil, electrical, and environmental engineering, including infrastructure inspection, overhead network monitoring, environmental assessment, and support for technical surveys, as well as security-oriented scenarios such as surveillance, risk analysis, and emergency response. Regulatory, operational, and safety aspects are also considered, underscoring the need for regulatory compliance and technical training to ensure safe UAV operation. Finally, the paper discusses current challenges and limitations in autonomy, reliability, and scalability, outlining future perspectives for expanding these systems across engineering and security contexts, with a focus on integrating advanced artificial intelligence techniques and cyber-physical systems.