Technology challenges using alkali metals in heat pipe-cooled reactors
Technology challenges using alkali metals in heat pipe-cooled reactors
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.135162517031
Palavras-chave: Tubo de calor, reator de quilopotência, reator de megapotência, metal alcalino, reatores espaciais, conversores termoelétricos Stirling.
Keywords: Heat pipe, kilopower reactor , megapower reactor , alkali metal, space reactors, Stirling thermoelectric converts.
Abstract: Shortly, the nuclear energy suppliers plan to decrease the size of the nuclear power units or power capacity due to many factors, including over-budgeted costs and a complex licensing process for new plants generating up to 5 GW. The Paris Agreement 2015 aimed to achieve net carbon zero emissions. As a result, the energy industry should explore cleaner and more efficient energy sources. The climate crisis and COVID-19 have significantly impacted society. They have also increased the costs of nuclear power construction, mainly when led by megaprojects showing budgets exceeding $ 1 billion. Nuclear power plants are megaprojects showing a budget of around $ 20 billion, such as Georgia's Vogtle plant, which is facing a significant overrun, and Hinkley Point C, which is experiencing a $26 billion cost overrun. These conditions raise questions about using small modular reactors for nuclear energy production. At the same time, microreactor designs are being developed using coolants like liquid metal, helium gas, or molten salt, with passive heat pipes for heat transfer and helium gas for high-temperature compatibility. Microreactors are highly efficient, cheap, and straightforward, producing power ranging from less than 1 MW to 20 MW. Westinghouse has designed VinciTM, which generates power from 200 kW to 5 MW using a high-temperature heat pipe and sodium as the working fluid. However, microreactors face challenges in enriched uranium fuel, heat pipes, passive cooling, and thermoelectric conversion efficiency. This way, we calculate a few parameters that describe a heat pipe-cooled reactor operating as alkali metals.
- Daniel de Souza Gomes