Principais complicações em cirurgias do aparelho digestivo: fatores preditores, prevenção e manejo nas principais abordagens operatórias

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.842162512063

• Palavras-chave: Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório; Sistema Digestivo; Complicações Intraoperatórias.

• Keywords: Surgical Procedures of the Digestive System; Digestive System; Intraoperative Complications.

• Abstract: Introduction: Digestive System Surgery (DSS) encompasses procedures involving the digestive tract, ranging from the esophagus to the anus, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Studying the complications associated with this type of surgery is essential to ensure procedural safety and satisfactory outcomes for both patients and the 1 Médico pela Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Especialista em Cirurgia Geral pela Associação Norte Paranaense de Combate ao Câncer e Especialista em Endoscopia Digestiva diagnóstica e terapêutica com residência médica pela Irmandade da Santa Casa de Londrina. Atualmente, é médico do serviço de Urgência e Emergência da Unimed de Londrina, Membro do serviço de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Londrina, Cirurgião Geral na Gastroclínica de Londrina e Cirurgião e Preceptor da residência médica em cirurgia geral do Hospital Norte Paranaense. 2 Médica pela Universidade Nove de Julho. Possui experiência em pronto atendimento hospitalar. Atualmente, atua em enfermaria e retaguarda de clínica médica no Hospital São Marcos, Morro Agudo - SP. medical team. Objective: This review aimed to describe, through an analysis of recent literature, the main risk factors, prevention strategies, and therapeutic approaches related to the most frequent complications in digestive system surgeries. Methodology: This is a narrative review, covering the period from 2019 to 2025, conducted through a systematic search in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Search terms included: "digestive system surgery complications," "risk factors," "prevention," "anastomotic leakage," "surgical site infection," "ileus," "incisional hernia," "bariatric surgery complications," "gastrectomy complications," and "gastrointestinal complications," in both Portuguese and English. Results: Of the initial 1,035 articles retrieved, only 10 met all eligibility criteria, presenting adequate methodological quality and a clear focus on complications, risk factors, and appropriate treatment in digestive system surgeries. Discussion: The most commonly observed complications included infections, ileus, anastomotic leaks, and adverse events in elderly patients and those with comorbidities. The studies highlighted predictive risk factors, more effective prevention strategies, and proper management approaches as fundamental to reducing morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: The adoption of specific protocols and individualized interventions proved to be essential for both surgical success and patient safety.