Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): biology, medical importance, and role in the transmission of leishmaniases
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): biology, medical importance, and role in the transmission of leishmaniases
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.578132608052
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Palavras-chave: Entomologia médica, Vetores, Leishmania
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Keywords: Medical entomology, Vectors, Leishmania
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Abstract: Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are hematophagous insects of marked medical and veterinary relevance due to their role as biological vectors of protozoa of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of the leishmaniases. A comprehensive understanding of sand fly taxonomy, morphology, biology, and behavior is essential for elucidating transmission dynamics and improving surveillance and control strategies. In the Old World, vectors belong primarily to the genus Phlebotomus, whereas in the Americas they are mainly classified within Lutzomyia, with approximately 450 described species, of which around 30 are implicated in human transmission. Their life cycle is holometabolous, comprising eggs, four larval instars, pupa, and adult stages, typically completed within one to two months under favorable environmental conditions. Immature forms develop in humid, organic-rich terrestrial substrates, both in sylvatic and peri-domestic settings, reflecting the ecological plasticity of several species. Transmission of Leishmania occurs during telmophagy, a feeding mechanism involving laceration of host tissues and ingestion of blood mixed with infected macrophages. Salivary components, including the vasodilator maxadilan, facilitate blood intake and modulate host immune responses, enhancing parasite establishment. In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis is mainly associated with Leishmania infantum and its principal urban vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, with domestic dogs serving as major reservoirs. Cutaneous forms involve multiple species, notably L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis. Although complete vector eradication is impracticable, integrated measures such as: residual insecticide spraying, environmental management, personal protection, and canine-targeted interventions, remain central to disease control.
- Adalberto Alves Pereira Filho
- Ana Carolina Oliveira Sinzato
- Letícia Sissio Rodrigues
- Beatriz Tiemi Kitamura Okada
- Andressa Campos de Sousa