Fitorremediação de ambientes contaminados – interação solo-planta na remoção de metais pesados e fatores de aumento de biomassa de macrófitas
Fitorremediação de ambientes contaminados – interação solo-planta na remoção de metais pesados e fatores de aumento de biomassa de macrófitas
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.152152503023
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Palavras-chave: Fitorremediação; Metais pesados; Fitormônios; Bactérias promotoras de crescimento; Luminosidade
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Keywords: Phytoremediation; Heavy metals; Phytohormones; Plant growth-promoting bacteria; Light exposure
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Abstract: Phytoremediation is a sustainable solution for bioremediation, employing plants and microorganisms to remove, stabilize, or degrade pollutants in contaminated soils and waters. This technology operates through five main mechanisms: phytostabilization, rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, and phytovolatilization, whose combined action depends on the type of contaminant and environmental conditions. The soil-plant interaction is fundamental to the bioavailability of heavy metals, facilitating their absorption, metabolism, or accumulation in plant tissues. Additionally, rhizosphere microbiota is crucial in increasing nutrient and metal availability while enhancing plant resilience to environmental stress. In aquatic environments, macrophytes are widely used in the phytoremediation of contaminated waters and sediments. However, pollutant toxicity can hinder their growth and efficiency, making it essential to optimize environmental factors such as pH, phytohormones, plant growth-promoting bacteria, and light exposure. pH regulates nutrient and metal availability, influencing plant absorption and microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Phytohormones, whether endogenous or exogenous, regulate physiological processes, promoting plant growth and mitigating oxidative stress. Growth-promoting bacteria aid in nutrient solubilization, phytohormone synthesis, and toxic compound degradation while increasing plant resilience to adverse conditions. Light exposure, particularly through adjustable-spectrum LEDs, enhances photosynthesis, influences plant morphology, and boosts macrophyte performance in wastewater phytoremediation systems. The effectiveness of phytoremediation directly depends on the interaction between plants, microorganisms, and environmental conditions. Adjusting variables such as pH, light, phytohormones, and growth-promoting bacteria can not only mitigate pollutant impacts but also maximize process productivity and efficiency.
- Eder Carlos Lopes Coimbra