El concepto de sostenibilidad desde la teoría económica: una revisión de la literatura

• DOI: 10.22533/at.ed.4392322111

• Palavras-chave: sostenibilidad, stock de capital natural, enfoques neoclásicos, mercado de carbono

• Keywords: sustainability, natural capital stock, neoclassical approaches, carbon market, carbon market

• Abstract: Climate change, along with other environmental challenges, has intensified the need to understand and act on sustainability. In this context, the integration of the concept of sustainability into economic analysis is examined. Based on recognized authors, a consensus is identified on the fundamental issues of sustainability in economics, including the relationship between humans and nature, a long-term perspective, and economic efficiency. Although economic growth is perceived as a precursor to sustainable development, there are limitations on the planet's resources. The difference between the "stock of natural capital" and nature is highlighted, noting that the former refers to resources with the potential to be converted into commodities. This study contrasts neoclassical approaches, which focus on tax burdens and incentive mechanisms, with non-neoclassical approaches, which promote international agreements and carbon markets. Both perspectives, however, face implementation challenges related to ambiguous environmental goals, lack of effective penalties and the need for greater political consensus. To achieve effective sustainability, it is essential to define clear commitments at the corporate and national levels.