Bioquímica e Mecanismos de Sobrevivência de Leishmania
Bioquímica e Mecanismos de Sobrevivência de Leishmania
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.6411325230513
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Palavras-chave: Leishmania; Bioquímica; Virulência; Alvos terapêuticos
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Keywords: Leishmania; Biochemistry; Virulence; Therapeutic targets
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Abstract: Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, affecting millions of people worldwide, especially in tropical regions. With a digenetic life cycle, the parasite alternates between the sand fly vector (flagellated promastigote forms) and mammalian phagocytic cells (intracellular amastigote forms). Parasite survival relies on complex biochemical strategies that allow it to overcome barriers in both vector and host. Key surface molecules include lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and glycoprotein GP63. LPG, structurally variable among species, modulates immune receptors, adhesion, and dissemination. GP63, a zinc-dependent metalloprotease, inactivates complement, cleaves host signaling proteins, remodels the phagosome, and is exported via exosomes to influence immune cells. To withstand oxidative and nitrosative stress, Leishmania relies on the unique trypanothione-based antioxidant system, involving enzymes such as trypanothione reductase, tryparedoxin peroxidase, and superoxide dismutases, which neutralize reactive species. Additionally, the parasite manipulates arginine metabolism, diverting it from nitric oxide production toward polyamine synthesis, essential for growth and redox defense. Other adaptations include lipid remodeling, selective uptake of glucose and amino acids, and exploitation of host metabolism to meet energy demands. These survival strategies determine the clinical spectrum of disease (cutaneous, mucocutaneous, visceral) and highlight promising therapeutic targets, such as GP63, trypanothione reductase, LPG biosynthesis, and arginine modulation. Emerging approaches include chimeric protein vaccines and selective inhibitors. Integration of biochemical and immunological research is crucial to advance innovative therapies and vaccines against leishmaniasis.
- Fernando Melo Veríssimo
- Aldenira Matias de Moura
- Iohanne Carvalho de Sousa
- Murilo Barros Silveira