Acinetobacter baumannii: Um patógeno multirresistente emergente de relevância clínica mundial

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.0342511097

• Palavras-chave: Resistência a múltiplas drogas; Biofilme; Terapia fágica

• Keywords: Multidrug Resistance; Biofilm; Phage Therapy

• Abstract: Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogen, classified by the WHO as a critical priority due to its high adaptability and ability to cause severe hospital-acquired infections. Its cellular structure, including a polysaccharide capsule, outer membrane vesicles, and type VI secretion system, contributes to virulence, immune evasion, and environmental resistance. Resistance mechanisms include the production of β-lactamases such as OXA-type carbapenemases, efflux pumps, porin alterations, target modifications, and acquisition of resistance genes via mobile genetic elements, as well as biofilm formation that increases tolerance to antibiotics and disinfectants. Virulence is also supported by factors such as OmpA protein and siderophores like acinetobactin, which promote colonization and tissue invasion. Persistence on surfaces and medical devices makes hospital control challenging. Given the limited therapeutic options, alternatives such as phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, quorum sensing inhibitors, nanotechnology, and drug repurposing have shown promising results, although they remain under investigation. Combating A. baumannii requires an integrated approach combining therapeutic innovation, strict hygiene protocols, epidemiological surveillance, and rational antimicrobial use to contain its spread and mitigate the impact of antimicrobial resistance.