A NOVA FRONTEIRA DIGITAL: GUERRA HÍBRIDA E O IMPACTO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NA SOBERANIA DOS PAÍSES DA AMÉRICA DO SUL
A NOVA FRONTEIRA DIGITAL: GUERRA HÍBRIDA E O IMPACTO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NA SOBERANIA DOS PAÍSES DA AMÉRICA DO SUL
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.79624280310
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Palavras-chave: Guerra Híbrida. Inteligência Artificial. Soberania
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Keywords: Hybrid Warfare. Artificial Intelligence. Sovereignty.
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Abstract: The geopolitical of South America has evolved from a tapestry of influences ranging from indigenous civilizations to European colonizations, struggles for independence, and the influence of the United States during the Cold War. Tosta (1984) examines how writers of classical geopolitical theories such as Friedrich Ratzel, Alfred Mahan, and Halford Mackinder shaped the development of their nations from the perspective of political geography and geopolitics. In the twentieth century, this region of the American continent sought greater integration and autonomy but faced economic and political challenges, including interference from external powers. In the twenty-first century, territorial dynamics and power struggles in the international arena have become increasingly complex and diffuse, under the scrutiny of modern geopolitics. With the aid of tools provided by globalization, new ways of exerting influence and control over geographical space have emerged. The emergence of what Santos (2006) calls the Technical-Scientific-Informational Environment provides tools that play a central role in the dynamics between territories and states. These new techniques, especially those related to information, such as the internet through social networks, among others, have realigned the course of politics and conflicts in the contemporary world. Thus, "The New Digital Frontier" is no longer just a metaphor for the technological revolution we are witnessing but symbolizes the unprecedented opportunities and challenges that arise on this horizon. It is in this context that political geography and geopolitics have been revitalized as the basis for understanding national, regional, and global spatial organization. According to Wanderley Messias da Costa, one of the fundamental roles of geographical science is to examine and interpret the ways in which state power is exercised in the management of territorial affairs and the territorial dimension of the sources and manifestations of power in general. However, in contemporary times, it is not easy to analyze the sources that emanate manifestations of power since in a multipolar and globalized world, these manifestations, even when not carried out by governments or armed forces, may occur in a way that does not follow the pattern of conventional violence. Korybko (2018) points out that with the rise of nuclear weapons, the need for indirect means of destabilization, conflicts, wars, and actions between States has become urgent. This phenomenon of indirect, systematic, unconventional disturbance is closely related to the new dynamics of information, called hybrid warfare. According to Miguel Enrique Stédile, "hybrid warfare is a phenomenon that has grown globally and has specific implications for South America, reflecting the geopolitical, historical, and socioeconomic complexity of this region." Unlike traditional conflict approaches, hybrid warfare seeks to exploit the vulnerabilities of the adversary in various domains, be they physical, informational, cognitive, or economic. Thus, hybrid warfare represents an evolution in the nature of conflict, adapting and capitalizing on the contemporary digital scenario, becoming an essential strategic tool in the geopolitics of the twenty-first century. In turn, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a revolutionary force on the global stage, redefining power and influence. Its ability to process information quickly, learn autonomously, and optimize tasks has transformed economies, potentiated innovations, and influenced geopolitics. In this context, the "New Digital Frontier" highlights the convergence of traditional geopolitics with modern hybrid warfare and artificial intelligence in South America. However, artificial intelligence brings promises of development but also risks of technological dependence and threats to sovereignty. Thus, South America finds itself at a crucial point, balancing the opportunities of digitization with the preservation of its autonomy and integrity on the global stage.
- ALECIA VIEIRA CAIXETA