Umbilical Hernia Formation at Trocar Sites in Laparoscopic Surgery A Literature Review
Umbilical Hernia Formation at Trocar Sites in Laparoscopic Surgery A Literature Review
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.159491241410941
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Palavras-chave: Hérnia Umbilical; Local de Trocater; Cirurgia Laparoscópica; Prevenção de Hérnia; Fatores de Risco
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Keywords: Umbilical Hernia; Trocar Site; Laparoscopic Surgery; Hernia Prevention; Risk Factors
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Abstract: Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to analyze the incidence, risk factors, and prevention of umbilical hernias at trocar sites in laparoscopic surgery. Secondary objectives include exploring the outcomes, complications, and preventive techniques to mitigate hernia formation and assessing contradictions in current literature to identify areas for future research. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted by searching databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase using keywords like "umbilical hernia," "trocar site," and "laparoscopic surgery." The review focused on studies published between 2010 and 2023 that investigated the incidence, risk factors, and preventive strategies for trocar-site hernias. Both patient-related and surgical-related factors were explored, with a particular focus on the role of trocar size, number, placement, and technological innovations in minimizing the risk. Inclusion criteria included studies that evaluated hernia outcomes in laparoscopic surgery, while exclusion criteria omitted studies that focused on non-laparoscopic procedures. Data extraction and synthesis followed PRISMA guidelines to ensure comprehensive coverage of the relevant studies. Results: The incidence of umbilical hernias at trocar sites varied significantly across studies, with rates ranging from 0.5% to 5.2%. Patient-related risk factors, such as age, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), were identified as significant contributors to hernia formation. Surgical-related factors, particularly the use of large trocars (greater than 10 mm) and the number of trocar sites, were strongly correlated with increased hernia risk. Studies demonstrated that meticulous fascial closure of trocar sites and the use of prophylactic mesh significantly reduced the incidence of hernia formation. However, complications such as seroma formation and chronic postoperative pain were noted in some cases. Innovations in trocar design, such as radially expanding trocars, have been shown to reduce trauma at insertion points, potentially minimizing hernia risk. Conclusion: Trocar-site hernias remain a notable complication of laparoscopic surgery, particularly in high-risk patients. This review highlights that both patient-related and surgical-related factors play critical roles in the development of these hernias. Preventive measures such as proper fascial closure, careful selection of trocar size and number, and the potential use of prophylactic mesh are essential in reducing hernia formation. Despite the progress in understanding risk factors and implementing preventive techniques, inconsistencies in the literature and variations in study methodologies suggest a need for further research. Future studies should focus on long-term outcomes, including patient-reported measures of pain and quality of life, and explore the effectiveness of newer trocar designs in reducing the risk of hernia formation.
- Marcelo Crellis de Carvalho
- Sara Ribeiro Bicudo
- Bruno Marcelo Miguel
- Yago Taniguchi Minei
- Lean Luccas Garagnani
- Sofia de Barbara Carvalho
- Maria Eduarda Alves Borges
- Pedro Ribeiro Bicudo
- Nathan Heck Menoncin
- Ian Vargas Mateus
- Natália Caroline Manosso