Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: an integrative review on risks and prevention
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: an integrative review on risks and prevention
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.159527252907
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Palavras-chave: Fibrose sistêmica nefrogênica; doença renal crônica; gadolínio; meios de contraste; saúde pública.
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Keywords: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; chronic kidney disease; gadolinium; contrast agents; public health.
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Abstract: Introduction: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare, progressive, and debilitating condition that primarily affects patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), often associated with exposure to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA). Although Gadolinium (Gd) exposure is a well-recognized risk factor, NSF has a multifactorial and not fully understood etiology. Objective: To critically analyze the risks associated with Gd exposure in CKD patients, focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and preventive strategies, while considering health system limitations in vulnerable settings. Methods: This is an integrative literature review conducted through searches in PubMed and SciELO databases from 2019 to 2024. Descriptors related to NSF, Gd, and kidney disease were used in both English and Portuguese. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven studies were selected for analysis. Results and Discussion: The reviewed literature confirmed a strong association between GBCA use and NSF in patients with GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m². Nonetheless, reports of NSF in the absence of Gd exposure suggest additional contributing factors, including immunosuppressive therapy, chronic inflammation, erythropoietin use, and vascular manipulation. Clinical manifestations are predominantly cutaneous, with possible systemic involvement. Diagnosis requires clinical-pathological correlation and high clinical suspicion. Preventive measures include strict renal function screening and the use of more stable contrast agents. Conclusion: Understanding NSF demands a comprehensive approach that integrates its multifactorial nature, emphasizes prevention, and promotes professional training for early detection. Further research is needed, particularly in vulnerable populations, to develop evidence-based and context-appropriate protocols for public health systems such as Brazil’s Unified Health System (SUS).
- Daniella Nogueira Ferreira
- Márcio Antonio Lyra Quintaes Junior
- Danielle Furtado de Oliveira
- Nathalia Lopez Duarte