Indiscriminate Use of Dinitrophenol (DNP): A Review of Its Mechanism of Action, Toxic Effects, and Health Risks
Indiscriminate Use of Dinitrophenol (DNP): A Review of Its Mechanism of Action, Toxic Effects, and Health Risks
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.0159662611055
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Palavras-chave: Dinitrophenol (DNP); Oxidative Phosphorylation; Toxicity; Hyperthermia; Weight Loss.
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Keywords: Dinitrophenol (DNP); Oxidative Phosphorylation; Toxicity; Hyperthermia; Weight Loss.
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Abstract: 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a highly toxic chemical compound that has regained popularity due to its clandestine use as a weight-loss agent, especially among bodybuilders, athletes, and individuals seeking rapid weight reduction. The present study aimed to analyze the mechanism of action of DNP, its metabolic effects, history of use, and the main consequences associated with its indiscriminate consumption. This study consists of a qualitative literature review based on the analysis of scientific studies related to toxicology, energy metabolism, and DNP intoxication. The results demonstrated that DNP acts as an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, dissipating the proton motive force and drastically reducing ATP synthesis. As a consequence, there is intense metabolic acceleration and increased body heat production, promoting rapid weight loss but also causing severe physiological risks. Among the main adverse effects described in the literature are hyperthermia, excessive sweating, tachycardia, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and death. It was also observed that the margin between the dose considered “effective” and the lethal dose is extremely narrow, making the substance highly dangerous. Although banned in several countries since 1938, DNP continues to be illegally marketed, mainly through the internet and social media platforms. Furthermore, it was verified that there is no specific antidote for DNP intoxication, and treatment is based solely on supportive clinical measures. It is concluded that the indiscriminate use of DNP represents an important public health issue, directly associated with aesthetic pressure and the pursuit of the ideal body image. Therefore, awareness campaigns, stricter regulatory enforcement, and further scientific research on the prevention and treatment of intoxication caused by this substance are essential.
- Henrique José Souza Guedes de Oliveira Regis
- UMBERTO CRISAFULLI