RISK FACTORS FOR BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.15941042413121

• Palavras-chave: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Prematurity; Risk Factors.

• Keywords: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia; Prematurity; Risk Factors.

• Abstract:

  Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is one of the main comorbidities associated with prematurity, characterized as a chronic lung disease that affects premature babies exposed to prolonged use of oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Despite the high mortality rate, surviving neonates often have severe physiological and biochemical alterations. Understanding the predisposing factors makes it possible to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment practices, thereby reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality and optimizing the care provided to newborns in situations of risk. Objective: To deepen our understanding of the risk factors for the development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Methodology: This is an integrative review of articles indexed in the electronic databases Medline/Pubmed, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lillacs), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The bibliographic analysis was carried out between September and November 2024, using the descriptors: "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"; "Prematurity"; "Risk Factors". The search strategy was based on their different combinations, using the Boolean operator AND and/or OR. The inclusion criteria were original articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published in the last 10 years. Letters to the editor, reviews, opinion articles, literature reviews, reflection studies, editorials and duplicate works were excluded. Results: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia results from multiple risk factors, related to the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods. In the prenatal period, maternal variables such as maternal smoking and pre-existing hypertension stand out. The perinatal and postnatal periods include extreme prematurity, low birth weight and prolonged mechanical ventilation, as well as lung infections and conditions such as patent ductus arteriosus. Qualified assistance from intensive care unit staff is essential to reduce cases and deaths, since recognizing risk factors allows for targeted and effective interventions. Conclusion: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is associated with multiple risk factors, highlighting the importance of early interventions, individualized strategies and standardized clinical protocols. Continued research is essential to improve practices and reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.