Cleft Lip and Palate: Examining Quality of Life, Family Dynamics, and Social Integration

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1594532406063

• Palavras-chave: Cleft lip and palate; Psychosocial impact; Quality of life; Family support; Bullying.

• Keywords: Cleft lip and palate; Psychosocial impact; Quality of life; Family support; Bullying.

• Abstract: INTRODUCTION Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are prevalent congenital anomalies that pose significant physical, psychological, and social challenges. These conditions result from disrupted facial development during early embryogenesis and vary widely in incidence globally, with notable regional and ethnic differences. The etiology of CLP includes genetic and environmental factors, with prenatal diagnostics improving early detection and intervention. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach encompassing surgery, speech therapy, and orthodontics, aimed at addressing the functional and aesthetic aspects of the condition. However, CLP's impact extends beyond physical health, deeply affecting psychological well-being and social integration, necessitating a holistic review of these dimensions. OBJETIVE To analyze the emotional effects of cleft lip and palate at different stages of life. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Psychosocial impact” OR “Cleft lip and palate” AND “Quality of life” OR “Family dynamics” OR “Bullying and stigmatization”in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are prevalent congenital anomalies that pose significant physical, psychological, and social challenges. These conditions result from disrupted facial development during early embryogenesis and vary widely in incidence globally, with notable regional and ethnic differences. The etiology of CLP includes genetic and environmental factors, with prenatal diagnostics improving early detection and intervention. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach encompassing surgery, speech therapy, and orthodontics, aimed at addressing the functional and aesthetic aspects of the condition. However, CLP's impact extends beyond physical health, deeply affecting psychological well-being and social integration, necessitating a holistic review of these dimensions. CONCLUSION Patients with CLP face evolving psychological challenges throughout their lives. In childhood, issues such as social acceptance and self-esteem are predominant, often leading to social isolation and behavioral problems. Adolescents experience heightened anxiety and depression related to body image and social interactions, while adults with CLP may struggle with forming intimate relationships and professional opportunities due to persistent speech impairments and self-consciousness. The physical quality of life is closely linked to the effectiveness of early surgical and therapeutic interventions, yet many patients continue to encounter difficulties with eating, hearing, and speech. Socialization is hindered by stigma and bullying, further complicating social development. Coping strategies and resilience are crucial for managing these psychosocial stressors. Family members, particularly parents and siblings, also face significant emotional and psychological burdens, requiring targeted support.