Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnostic Challenges and Early Interventions – A Literature Review

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1595325090115

• Palavras-chave: Transtorno do Espectro Autista; Desafios Diagnósticos; Intervenção Precoce; Análise Comportamental Aplicada; Envolvimento Familiar.

• Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Diagnostic Challenges; Early Intervention; Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA); Family Involvement

• Abstract: Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to explore and analyze key diagnostic challenges associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and to evaluate the efficacy of early intervention strategies. Additionally, it aims to identify gaps in existing research and propose future directions to enhance diagnostic accuracy and intervention outcomes for individuals with ASD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed studies published within the last 15 years were selected based on inclusion criteria focusing on diagnostic challenges, early intervention strategies, and clinical outcomes in ASD. Key themes were identified and synthesized through a thematic analysis of 13 selected studies. Results: The review identified several critical diagnostic challenges, including the variability in symptom presentation, limitations of current diagnostic tools such as DSM-5 and ADOS, and the influence of demographic factors like age, gender, and cultural differences. Regarding interventions, evidence-based strategies, including Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), speech therapy, and occupational therapy, were found to be effective in improving cognitive, social, and adaptive functioning. The review also emphasized the importance of early, intensive interventions and the role of family and caregiver involvement in achieving optimal outcomes. However, significant gaps in research were noted, particularly in the development of culturally sensitive diagnostic tools and the long-term efficacy of various intervention models. Conclusion: This review highlights the complexity of diagnosing ASD and underscores the critical need for early, intensive interventions to improve long-term outcomes. Addressing diagnostic challenges, particularly those related to demographic variations, and promoting inclusive, culturally sensitive practices are crucial for equitable ASD diagnosis and treatment. Future research should focus on refining diagnostic criteria, developing more reliable tools, and expanding access to early intervention services globally.