ASTROCYTES: FROM PROTAGONISM TO DEFICITS

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1595292515089

• Palavras-chave: astrocytes, central nervous system, glial cells, brain.

• Keywords: astrocytes, central nervous system, glial cells, brain.

• Abstract:

  This article uses a literature review methodology to gather, analyze, and synthesize the latest information on the various functions performed by glial cells, focusing on astrocytes as essential for the proper functioning of the neural system. It was found that astrocytes have the functions of isolating, sustaining, and nourishing neurons; they are an integral and essential part of the passive homeostatic control of synaptic conditions and function; they are important multifunctional regulators of neurometabolic coupling; they control blood flow in the central nervous system through the release and production of vasoactive molecules; and are also primary mediators at the site of blood flow in relation to various neuronal activities of the central nervous system. They perform detoxification and phagocytosis, have immune functions, and play an essential role in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, consequently, in the necessary modulations in immuno-inflammatory responses. Recent findings indicate that astrocyte deficiency and malfunction are directly related to Alzheimer's disease and some forms of epilepsy, and are also correlated with memory and learning problems.