ARCHITECTURE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.3174152421055

• Palavras-chave: Computación Cuántica, Computadora Cuántica, Cúbit (bit cuántico), Compuerta Lógica Cuántica, Circuito Cuántico.

• Keywords: Quantum Computing, Quantum Computer, Qubit (quantum bit), Quantum Logic Gate, Quantum Circuit.

• Abstract:

  Quantum computing is emerging as a revolutionary paradigm in the field of computing, promising an exponential leap in computing power and problem-solving that challenges even the most advanced supercomputers of the classical era. At the heart of this revolution lies the peculiarity of the quantum world, where subatomic particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a phenomenon known as superposition, and entangle their states in a way that defies classical logic. It is this capacity for superposition and entanglement that gives quantum computing its disruptive power.
  One of the most intriguing properties of quantum computing is its ability to process information using Qubits, the quantum analogues of classical bits. While a classical bit can only be in a single 0 or 1 state, a Qubit can simultaneously represent a 0, a 1, or any superposition of these states, allowing multiple calculations to be performed in parallel. This massively parallel processing capability is the basis for the potential superiority of quantum computers over their classical counterparts in a wide range of applications.
  The architecture of quantum computers is inherently different from classical computers. While the latter use transistors to store and manipulate information in bits, quantum computers use Qubits, which can be implemented in a variety of physical systems, such as atoms, ion traps, photons, superconductors or nuclear magnetic resonance. The manipulation of the Qubits is carried out through quantum gates, fundamental operations that transform the quantum state of the Qubits and allow quantum calculations to be carried out. Furthermore, to maintain quantum coherence, the control and isolation of the quantum system from its environment is crucial, posing significant challenges in terms of designing and building scalable and robust quantum systems.