Clinical application of biomarkers in oncology: from diagnosis to therapeutic response

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.51572626310315

• Palavras-chave: Biomarkers; Clinical Application; Oncology.

• Keywords: Biomarkers; Clinical Application; Oncology.

• Abstract:

  The clinical application of biomarkers in oncology is a topic widely debated in medicine worldwide and is increasingly used for more accurate diagnoses of various cancers. This study aimed to review the literature on the concept of oncological biomarkers, present their subcategories, and identify their main biomarkers. A search was conducted in the PubMed, UNIFOA, RSD Journal, and BJIHS databases, including articles published between 2014 and 2026, using the search terms “oncological biomarkers,” “biomarkers in clinical medicine,” and “oncological diagnostics with biomarkers.” The analyzed studies demonstrated that, in addition to accuracy, there are limitations in the clinical validation and definitive incorporation of biomarkers into practice. Their isolated application is detrimental to treatment, as it is imprecise due to biological variability and tumor heterogeneity. It is concluded that biomarkers promote earlier and more specific diagnosis, risk stratification, therapeutic individualization, and dynamic monitoring; however, their full consolidation in clinical practice depends on the standardization of the technique and multiparametric integration.