INNOVATIVE APPROACHES AND THERAPIES IN RELATION TO NEUROPLASTICITY AND THE HEPATIC RELATIONSHIP IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.159522503019

• Palavras-chave: Neuroplasticity; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Deep Brain Stimulation;

• Keywords: Neuroplasticity; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Deep Brain Stimulation;

• Abstract:

  Neuroplasticity can be defined as the capacity of the developing brain to adapt in response to experience, and is a fundamental process that influences cognitive abilities throughout life. This dynamic phenomenon involves structural and functional changes in neural networks, which are crucial for acquiring, consolidating and refining cognitive abilities such as memory, attention, language and executive function. The aim of this original article is to present the efficacy of therapeutic methods in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, their safety and related protocols. The work consists of a bibliographic review carried out through scientific databases such as LILACS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), National Library of Medicine (NIH), Nature, Medline, using 31 articles out of 79 selected. It is understood that chronic psychological stress affects gastrointestinal physiology, which can cause changes in immune response and epithelial transport; both functions are partially regulated by the enteric nervous system, in this context, neuroplasticity induces the brain to compensate for damage or dysfunction in specific regions, allowing individuals to preserve cognitive function despite the decline related to brain damage, this adaptive process can be known as cortical remapping. There are several ways in which changes in the microbiota can influence brain plasticity. Some of the mechanisms include the regulation of gene expression, as well as the production of neuroactive molecules and the modulation of microglial activity, in addition to the fact that some bacteria synthesize a variety of molecules such as GABA, tryptophan and serotonin, which potentially influence brain production and relationship, and are therefore highly discussed in disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that promotes transient polarity-dependent changes in spontaneous neuronal activity, promoting neuroplasticity in regions where it is applied. This effect is mediated by the application of constant low-amplitude electrical currents using electrodes positioned epicranially above a specific brain region of interest. In addition to this method, other techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation can be discussed. This neuromodulatory method induces a magnetic field that depolarizes superficial pyramidal neurons within the cortex. When delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1), it activates the corticospinal output neurons, evoking a descending corticospinal discharge that results in a motor response within the target muscle, representing improvements in PD and Alzheimer's disease (AD), among other diseases correlated with tremor and movement disorders. Meanwhile, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure that allows neuromodulation based on targeted circuits, used in PD, dystonia or movement disorders, also associated with neuroplasticity. In conclusion, the ECP method using low-frequency sound pulses is currently proving to be the safest and most effective method.