THE INFLUENCE OF EPIGENETICS DURING THE GESTATION PROCESS

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1595192526043

• Palavras-chave: epigenetics; pregnancy; fetal programming; DNA methylation; public health.

• Keywords: epigenetics; pregnancy; fetal programming; DNA methylation; public health.

• Abstract:

  Introduction: Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes in the DNA sequence. During pregnancy, the intrauterine environment exerts a strong influence on these changes, directly affecting embryonic development and the future health of the individual. Objective: To analyze the main epigenetic mechanisms modulated by environmental factors during pregnancy and their implications for health and disease programming throughout life. Methodology: An integrative review of the scientific literature was carried out, with searches in PubMed, PLOS Genetics, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SciELO and LILACS, covering studies published between 2020 and 2025. Papers analyzing DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs and genomic imprinting were included. Results: The findings indicate that maternal environmental factors - such as nutrition, stress, exposure to toxins and infections - significantly modulate the fetal epigenome, altering gene expression and predisposing the individual to metabolic, neuropsychiatric and immunological diseases. Discussion: Gestational epigenetic alterations are persistent and can impact future generations and reflect social inequalities at the molecular level. Epigenetics, therefore, not only elucidates the early origin of diseases, but proposes paths of clinical and political intervention based on the plasticity of the epigenome. Final considerations: Understanding epigenetics in pregnancy offers a promising basis for preventive actions in maternal and child health. Investing in adequate nutrition, safe environments and psychosocial support during pregnancy can result in multigenerational benefits.